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?ะ ˜ฎ˜ฏ˜ผั‚˜ฎ˜ณั‚ ั‚˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ธ˜ผ ˜ฝั€˜ถ ั€˜ณ˜ฑ˜ถัั‚ั€˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ ?

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African elephants use names to call each other, study suggests
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Wild African elephants may address each other using individualized calls that resemble the personal names used by humans, a new study suggests.

While dolphins are known to call one another by mimicking the signature whistle of the dolphin they want to address, and parrots have been found to address each other in a similar way, African elephants in Kenya may go a step further in identifying one another.

These elephants learn, recognize and use individualized name-like calls to address others of their kind, seemingly without using imitation, according to the study published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.
The most common type of elephant call is a rumble, of which there are three sub-categories. So-called contact rumbles are used to call another elephant that is far away or out of sight. Greeting rumbles are used when another elephant is within touching distance. Caregiver rumbles are used by an adolescent or adult female toward a calf she is caring for, according to the study.

The researchers looked at these three types of rumbles, using a machine-learning model to analyze recordings of 469 calls made by wild groups of females and calves in Amboseli National Park and Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves between 1986 and 2022. All the elephants could be individually identified by the shape of their ears, as they had been monitored continuously for decades, according to the study.

The idea was that โ€œif the calls contained something like a name, then you should be able to figure out who the call was addressed to just from the acoustic features of the call itself,โ€ said lead study author Mickey Pardo, an animal behaviorist and postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University in New York.

The researchers found that the acoustic structure of calls varied depending on who the target of the call was.

The machine-learning model correctly identified the recipient of 27.5% of calls analyzed, โ€œwhich may not sound like that much, but it was significantly more than what the model would have been able to do if we had just fed it random data,โ€ Pardo told CNN.

โ€œSo that suggests that thereโ€™s something in the calls thatโ€™s allowing the model to identify who the intended receiver of the call was,โ€ he added.
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The original occupant of an Egyptian sarcophagus was unknown. Then a tiny ornament revealed a very big name
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A sarcophagus discovered in 2009 in an Egyptian burial chamber came with a complicated history: Ancient writing on the stone container showed that it had been used twice, but while its second occupant, the 21st dynasty high priest Menkheperre, was known, the first owner had remained a mystery โ€” until now.

New clues have surfaced as a result of Frederic Payraudeau, an associate professor in Egyptology at Sorbonne University in Paris, reexamining a fragment of the granite sarcophagus and deciphering the hieroglyphs engraved on it. Tucked away in the cartouche, an oval-shaped ornament often found in tombs, he found a name of a very recognizable figure: Ramesses II.
Payraudeau said the inscription is evidence that the artifact was originally from the tomb of the famous pharaoh and had been reused after looting.

โ€œClearly, this was the sarcophagus of a king,โ€ Payraudeau said. โ€œThe cartouche dates back to its first usage, and contains Ramesses IIโ€™s throne name, Usermaatra. He was the only pharaoh to use this name during his time, so that cleared any doubt that it was his sarcophagus.โ€

The findings, published in the journal Revue dโ€™Egyptologie, add to the lore of Ramesses II, also known as Ozymandias and one of Egyptโ€™s most celebrated pharaohs. It also fills a gap in our understanding of how sarcophagi were used to entomb kings.
Ramesses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty, and his reign โ€” from 1279 to 1213 BC โ€” was the second longest in the history of Egypt. He was known for his victorious military campaigns and an interest in architecture, which led him to order up important monuments and statues of himself. His mummy is at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo.

Another coffin belonging to Ramesses II was discovered in 1881 near Luxor, but the sarcophagus fragment analyzed in the study was found in Abydos, a city about 40 miles (64 kilometers) to the northwest in a straight line.

โ€œThat is less bizarre than it seems,โ€ Payraudeau said, โ€œbecause we know his tomb was looted in the antiquity, maybe two centuries after his death, and heโ€™s certainly not the only king to have been looted.โ€

The granite fragment, which is a nearly complete part of the longer side of the sarcophagus, was previously believed to have belonged to a prince. โ€œBut I always found this strange, because the decoration on this carefully crafted piece was indicative of a king, and had elements traditionally reserved for kings,โ€ Payraudeau said.
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ะš˜ฎ˜ธ ˜ถั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ธ˜ถ ˜ฒ˜นั ˜ฐั‹˜ฏ˜ผั€˜ฎ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ผ˜ป˜ป˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ฎ
ะ’ ั˜ผ˜ฐั€˜ณ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ˜บ ˜บ˜ถั€˜ณ, ˜ฝ˜ณั€˜ณ˜ฝ˜ผ˜น˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ˜บ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ณ˜ท, ัƒ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎั…˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฒ˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถ ˜ธ˜ฎั‡˜ณัั‚˜ฐ˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถัั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถ˜ธ˜ถ ัั‚˜ฎ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ถั‚ัั ˜ฏ˜ณัั†˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜บ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ฐั‹˜ธ˜ผ˜บ. ะŸ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐั‹˜ณ ั˜ถัั‚˜ณ˜บั‹, ั‚˜ฎ˜ธ˜ถ˜ณ ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธ ˜ญ˜ป˜ฒ˜ณ˜ธั ˜ถ Google, ˜บ˜ผ˜ฑัƒั‚ ัั‚˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜บ˜ผั‰˜ปั‹˜บ˜ถ ˜ถ˜ปัั‚ั€ัƒ˜บ˜ณ˜ปั‚˜ฎ˜บ˜ถ ˜ฐ ัั‚˜ผ˜บ ˜ฒ˜ณ˜น˜ณ, ˜ป˜ผ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜ด˜ป˜ผ ˜ถั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ถั… ˜ฝั€˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ถ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ˜ฏั‹ ˜ป˜ณ ัƒั‚˜ผ˜ปัƒั‚ัŒ ˜ฐ ˜บ˜ผั€˜ณ ˜ฏ˜ณั˜ฝ˜ผ˜น˜ณ˜ต˜ปั‹ั… ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ผ˜ฐ.

ะž˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ณ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ั†˜ณ˜น˜ถ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ฎ
ะŸ˜ณั€˜ฐั‹˜ท ัˆ˜ฎ˜ฑ ˜ธ ัั„ั„˜ณ˜ธั‚˜ถ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผ˜บัƒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธัƒ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ - ัั‚˜ผ ั‡ั‘ั‚˜ธ˜ผ˜ณ ˜ผ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ณ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ั†˜ณ˜น˜ถ. ˜ฅ˜ณ˜บ ˜ธ˜ผ˜ป˜ธั€˜ณั‚˜ป˜ณ˜ณ ˜ฐั‹ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒ˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ต˜ป˜ฎั‚ัŒ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ถั‰˜ณั‚˜ณ, ั‚˜ณ˜บ ˜น˜ณ˜ฑั‡˜ณ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒ˜ณั‚ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ถ ˜ปัƒ˜ด˜ปั‹˜ท ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚.

˜Ÿั„˜ผั€˜บัƒ˜น˜ถั€ัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝั€˜ผั. ะ—˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ถัˆ˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ธ˜นัั‡˜ณ˜ฐั‹˜ณ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ถ ั„ั€˜ฎ˜ตั‹, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ณ ˜ผั‚ั€˜ฎ˜ด˜ฎัั‚ ััƒั‚ัŒ ˜ฐ˜ฎัˆ˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ฝั€˜ผั˜ฎ.
˜กั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถั‚˜ณ ั‚˜ณ˜บัƒ. ˜ฅ˜ณ˜บ ัƒ˜ด˜ณ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒ˜ณั‚ ั‚˜ณ˜บ˜ฎ, ั‚˜ณ˜บ ั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ณ˜ณ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒัƒั‚ ั€˜ณ˜ตัƒ˜นัŒั‚˜ฎั‚ั‹ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ฎ.
ะ˜ั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ตัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ผ˜ฝ˜ณั€˜ฎั‚˜ผั€ั‹ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ฎ. ะ ˜ฎััˆ˜ถั€˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ต˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ป˜ผัั‚˜ถ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐั‹ั… ั˜ถัั‚˜ณ˜บ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ต˜ฐ˜ผ˜นััั‚ ััƒ˜ต˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ ˜ฝ˜ผ ั‚˜ถ˜ฝัƒ ั„˜ฎ˜ท˜น˜ฎ, ˜ฒ˜ฎั‚˜ณ ˜ฝัƒ˜ฏ˜น˜ถ˜ธ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ, ั˜ตั‹˜ธัƒ ˜ถ ˜ฒั€ัƒ˜ฑ˜ถ˜บ ˜ธั€˜ถั‚˜ณั€˜ถั˜บ.

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ะžั†˜ณ˜ป˜ธ˜ฎ ั€˜ณ˜ตัƒ˜นัŒั‚˜ฎั‚˜ผ˜ฐ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ฎ
ะ˜ณ ˜ฐั˜ณ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚ั‹, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ณ ˜ฐั‹ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ฐ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ท ˜ฐั‹˜ฒ˜ฎั‡˜ณ, ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒัƒั‚ ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถ˜ป˜ฎ˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜น˜ณ˜ต˜ปั‹˜บ˜ถ.

ะŸั€˜ผ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฎ˜น˜ถ˜ต˜ถั€ัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ผ˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ธ˜ถ ˜ถ ˜ผ˜ฝ˜ถั˜ฎ˜ป˜ถั. ะ—˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ผ˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ธ˜ถ ˜ถ ˜ผ˜ฝ˜ถั˜ฎ˜ป˜ถั ัั‚ั€˜ฎ˜ป˜ถั† ˜ฒ˜ผ˜น˜ด˜ปั‹ ˜ฒ˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ธั€˜ฎั‚˜ธ˜ผ˜ณ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒัั‚˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ผ ั˜ผ˜ฒ˜ณั€˜ด˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ถ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ฎ.
ะž˜ฏั€˜ฎั‚˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ป˜ถ˜บ˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜ฒั€˜ณั ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ฎ. ะ”˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ปั‹˜ณ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚ั‹ ˜ผ˜ฏั‹ั‡˜ป˜ผ ˜ถ˜บ˜ณัั‚ ˜ฒ˜ผ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ฎ, ั˜ผ˜ผั‚˜ฐ˜ณั‚ัั‚˜ฐัƒัั‰˜ถ˜ณ ˜ถั… ั‚˜ณ˜บ˜ฎั‚˜ถ˜ธ˜ณ.
ะ˜˜ตัƒั‡˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ผั‚˜ตั‹˜ฐั‹. ะŸ˜ผั‡˜ถั‚˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ผั‚˜ตั‹˜ฐั‹ ˜ผ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฒั€ัƒ˜ฑ˜ถั… ั€˜ณััƒั€ั˜ฎั…, ั‡ั‚˜ผ˜ฏั‹ ัƒ˜ต˜ป˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜บ˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ฒั€ัƒ˜ฑ˜ถั… ˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚˜ณ˜น˜ณ˜ท.
ะžั†˜ณ˜ป˜ธ˜ฎ ˜ธ˜ฎั‡˜ณัั‚˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ
ะ˜ฎ˜ท˜ฒั ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ท, ˜ฝ˜ผ ˜ฐ˜ฎัˆ˜ณ˜บัƒ ˜บ˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถัŽ, ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚ ั˜ผ˜ฒ˜ณั€˜ด˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜น˜ณ˜ต˜ปัƒัŽ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถัŽ, ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜ด˜ป˜ผ ˜ธั€˜ถั‚˜ถั‡˜ณั˜ธ˜ถ ˜ผั†˜ณ˜ป˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ ั˜ผ˜ฒ˜ณั€˜ด˜ถ˜บ˜ผ˜ณ.

ะŸั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€ัŒั‚˜ณ ˜ถัั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถ˜ธ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ. ˜ก˜ฏ˜ณ˜ฒ˜ถั‚˜ณััŒ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถั ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒัั‚˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜ฐั‚˜ผั€˜ถั‚˜ณั‚˜ปั‹˜บ ˜ถัั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถ˜ธ˜ผ˜บ, ั‚˜ฎ˜ธ˜ถ˜บ ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธ ˜ป˜ฎัƒั‡˜ป˜ฎั ัั‚˜ฎั‚ัŒั, ˜ผั„˜ถั†˜ถ˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ปั‹˜ท ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚ ˜ผั€˜ฑ˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ต˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ ˜ถ˜น˜ถ ั€˜ณั†˜ณ˜ป˜ต˜ถั€ัƒ˜ณ˜บ˜ผ˜ณ ˜ถ˜ต˜ฒ˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ.
ะž˜ฏั€˜ฎั‚˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ป˜ถ˜บ˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฒ˜ฎั‚ัƒ ˜ฝัƒ˜ฏ˜น˜ถ˜ธ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ. ะ˜˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถั ˜ฒ˜ผ˜น˜ด˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฏั‹ั‚ัŒ ˜ฎ˜ธั‚ัƒ˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ˜ท, ˜ผั˜ผ˜ฏ˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ ˜ณั˜น˜ถ ˜ผ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ธ˜ฎั˜ฎ˜ณั‚ัั ˜ฏั‹ัั‚ั€˜ผ ˜บ˜ณ˜ปััั‰˜ถั…ัั ั‚˜ณ˜บ.
ะžั†˜ณ˜ป˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ผ˜ฏัŠ˜ณ˜ธั‚˜ถ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผัั‚ัŒ. ะŸั€˜ผ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฎ˜น˜ถ˜ต˜ถั€ัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ, ˜ป˜ณ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ฐ˜ตัั‚˜ผ ˜น˜ถ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒัั‚˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถั, ˜ถ˜น˜ถ ˜ฎ˜ฐั‚˜ผั€ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฒ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฑ˜ฎ˜ณั‚ ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธัƒัŽ-˜น˜ถ˜ฏ˜ผ ั‚˜ผั‡˜ธัƒ ˜ตั€˜ณ˜ป˜ถั.
ะŸั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€ัŒั‚˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎ˜น˜ถั‡˜ถ˜ณ ััั‹˜น˜ผ˜ธ. ˜Ÿัั‹˜น˜ธ˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฒั€ัƒ˜ฑ˜ถ˜ณ ˜ฎ˜ฐั‚˜ผั€˜ถั‚˜ณั‚˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถัั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถ˜ธ˜ถ ˜บ˜ผ˜ฑัƒั‚ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฐั‹ั˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฒ˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ป˜ผัั‚ัŒ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ.
ะŸ˜ผ˜น˜ณ˜ต˜ปั‹˜ณ ั˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั‚ั‹
ะ˜ั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ตัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ป˜ณั˜ธ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ธ˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐั‹ั… ั˜ถัั‚˜ณ˜บ.
ะ˜ั‰˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถัŽ ˜ป˜ฎ ั€˜ฎ˜ต˜ปั‹ั… ั˜ตั‹˜ธ˜ฎั….
ะ˜ั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ตัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ั˜ฝ˜ณั†˜ถ˜ฎ˜น˜ถ˜ต˜ถั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐั‹˜ณ ั˜ถัั‚˜ณ˜บั‹.
ะ˜ณ ˜ฏ˜ผ˜ทั‚˜ณััŒ ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฒ˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ฝั€˜ผัั‹.
ะŸ˜ผ˜บ˜ป˜ถั‚˜ณ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ - ัั‚˜ผ ˜ฝั€˜ผั†˜ณัั, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ท ั‚ั€˜ณ˜ฏัƒ˜ณั‚ ˜ฐั€˜ณ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ถ ˜ถ ัƒั˜ถ˜น˜ถ˜ท. ะ˜ณ ัั‚˜ผ˜ถั‚ ˜ผัั‚˜ฎ˜ป˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ถ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒัั ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฝ˜ณั€˜ฐ˜ผ˜บ ˜ด˜ณ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ณ, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ท ˜ฐั‹ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚˜ณ. ะ˜ั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ตัƒ˜ทั‚˜ณ ˜ฐั˜ณ ˜ฒ˜ผัั‚ัƒ˜ฝ˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ˜ถ˜ปัั‚ั€ัƒ˜บ˜ณ˜ปั‚ั‹ ˜ถ ั€˜ณััƒั€ัั‹, ั‡ั‚˜ผ˜ฏั‹ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ถ ˜ฒ˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถ ˜ธ˜ฎั‡˜ณัั‚˜ฐ˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ถัั‚˜ผั‡˜ป˜ถ˜ธ˜ถ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ถ.

ะ—˜ฎ˜ธ˜นัั‡˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ

˜ก˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ถั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ถั˜ธ˜ผ˜ฐั‹˜ณ ั˜ถัั‚˜ณ˜บั‹ ˜ฒ˜นั ˜ฐั‹˜ฏ˜ผั€˜ฎ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ผ˜ป˜ปั‹ั… ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ผ˜ฐ - ัั‚˜ผ ั†˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜ท ˜ป˜ฎ˜ฐั‹˜ธ, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ท ˜ฝ˜ผ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ˜ฐ ัƒั‡˜ณ˜ฏ˜ณ, ั€˜ฎ˜ฏ˜ผั‚˜ณ ˜ถ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฐั˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ณ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผ˜ท ˜ด˜ถ˜ต˜ป˜ถ.

˜Ÿ˜ผ˜ฏ˜นัะŠฮˆฯ ัั‚˜ถ ˜ฝั€˜ผัั‚ั‹˜ณ ั˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั‚ั‹, ˜ฐั‹ ั˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚˜ณ ัั„ั„˜ณ˜ธั‚˜ถ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผ ˜ผั€˜ถ˜ณ˜ปั‚˜ถั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒัั ˜ฐ ˜ถ˜ปั„˜ผั€˜บ˜ฎั†˜ถ˜ผ˜ป˜ป˜ผ˜บ ˜ฝั€˜ผัั‚ั€˜ฎ˜ปัั‚˜ฐ˜ณ ˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎั…˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถั‚ัŒ ั‚˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ธ˜ผ ั‚˜ณ ั˜ฐ˜ณ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ป˜ถั, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ทัั‚˜ฐ˜ถั‚˜ณ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ ˜ปัƒ˜ด˜ปั‹.
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African elephants use names to call each other, study suggests
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Wild African elephants may address each other using individualized calls that resemble the personal names used by humans, a new study suggests.

While dolphins are known to call one another by mimicking the signature whistle of the dolphin they want to address, and parrots have been found to address each other in a similar way, African elephants in Kenya may go a step further in identifying one another.

These elephants learn, recognize and use individualized name-like calls to address others of their kind, seemingly without using imitation, according to the study published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.
The most common type of elephant call is a rumble, of which there are three sub-categories. So-called contact rumbles are used to call another elephant that is far away or out of sight. Greeting rumbles are used when another elephant is within touching distance. Caregiver rumbles are used by an adolescent or adult female toward a calf she is caring for, according to the study.

The researchers looked at these three types of rumbles, using a machine-learning model to analyze recordings of 469 calls made by wild groups of females and calves in Amboseli National Park and Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves between 1986 and 2022. All the elephants could be individually identified by the shape of their ears, as they had been monitored continuously for decades, according to the study.

The idea was that โ€œif the calls contained something like a name, then you should be able to figure out who the call was addressed to just from the acoustic features of the call itself,โ€ said lead study author Mickey Pardo, an animal behaviorist and postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University in New York.

The researchers found that the acoustic structure of calls varied depending on who the target of the call was.

The machine-learning model correctly identified the recipient of 27.5% of calls analyzed, โ€œwhich may not sound like that much, but it was significantly more than what the model would have been able to do if we had just fed it random data,โ€ Pardo told CNN.

โ€œSo that suggests that thereโ€™s something in the calls thatโ€™s allowing the model to identify who the intended receiver of the call was,โ€ he added.
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The original occupant of an Egyptian sarcophagus was unknown. Then a tiny ornament revealed a very big name
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A sarcophagus discovered in 2009 in an Egyptian burial chamber came with a complicated history: Ancient writing on the stone container showed that it had been used twice, but while its second occupant, the 21st dynasty high priest Menkheperre, was known, the first owner had remained a mystery โ€” until now.

New clues have surfaced as a result of Frederic Payraudeau, an associate professor in Egyptology at Sorbonne University in Paris, reexamining a fragment of the granite sarcophagus and deciphering the hieroglyphs engraved on it. Tucked away in the cartouche, an oval-shaped ornament often found in tombs, he found a name of a very recognizable figure: Ramesses II.
Payraudeau said the inscription is evidence that the artifact was originally from the tomb of the famous pharaoh and had been reused after looting.

โ€œClearly, this was the sarcophagus of a king,โ€ Payraudeau said. โ€œThe cartouche dates back to its first usage, and contains Ramesses IIโ€™s throne name, Usermaatra. He was the only pharaoh to use this name during his time, so that cleared any doubt that it was his sarcophagus.โ€

The findings, published in the journal Revue dโ€™Egyptologie, add to the lore of Ramesses II, also known as Ozymandias and one of Egyptโ€™s most celebrated pharaohs. It also fills a gap in our understanding of how sarcophagi were used to entomb kings.
Ramesses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty, and his reign โ€” from 1279 to 1213 BC โ€” was the second longest in the history of Egypt. He was known for his victorious military campaigns and an interest in architecture, which led him to order up important monuments and statues of himself. His mummy is at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo.

Another coffin belonging to Ramesses II was discovered in 1881 near Luxor, but the sarcophagus fragment analyzed in the study was found in Abydos, a city about 40 miles (64 kilometers) to the northwest in a straight line.

โ€œThat is less bizarre than it seems,โ€ Payraudeau said, โ€œbecause we know his tomb was looted in the antiquity, maybe two centuries after his death, and heโ€™s certainly not the only king to have been looted.โ€

The granite fragment, which is a nearly complete part of the longer side of the sarcophagus, was previously believed to have belonged to a prince. โ€œBut I always found this strange, because the decoration on this carefully crafted piece was indicative of a king, and had elements traditionally reserved for kings,โ€ Payraudeau said.
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<1432605> Lesterhob ก2024”N06ŒŽ11“๚ ‰ฮ—j“๚ 08Žž09•ช53•b
Elon Musk was star guest this year at an annual conference organized by Italian PM Giorgia Meloniโ€™s Brothers of Italy party.
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He arrived against the backdrop of an ice-skating rink and an ancient castle in Rome with one of his 11 children to tout the value of procreation.

Italy has one of the lowest birth rates in the world, and Musk urged the crowd to โ€œmake more Italians to save Italyโ€™s culture,โ€ a particular focus of the Meloni government.

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Meloni has been a strong opponent of surrogacy, which is criminalized in Italy, but there was no mention of Muskโ€™s own recent children born of surrogacy.

The owner of X (formerly called Twitter) was slightly rumpled with what could easily be argued the least stylish shoes in the mostly Italian crowd since Donald Trumpโ€™s often unkempt former top adviser Steve Bannon appeared at the conference in 2018.
Meloni sat in the front row taking photos of Musk, who she personally invited. Meloni founded the Atreju conference in 1998, named after a character in the 1984 film โ€œThe NeverEnding Story.โ€
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ะ’ั‹ ั…˜ผั‚˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ถ˜ตัƒั‡˜ฎั‚ัŒ ั˜ตั‹˜ธ ˜ถ ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐั€˜ณ˜บ˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ ˜ฏั‹ั‚ัŒ ˜ฐ ˜ธัƒั€ั˜ณ ˜ฝ˜ผั˜น˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ถั… ั˜ผ˜ฏั‹ั‚˜ถ˜ท? ˜ ˜ผ˜ฑ˜ฒ˜ฎ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜น˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ฎ˜ณ˜บ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฏ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ั˜บ˜ผั‚ั€˜ณั‚ัŒ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฑ˜น˜ถ˜ทั˜ธ˜ผ˜บ ั˜ตั‹˜ธ˜ณ. ะœั‹ ั˜ฒ˜ณ˜น˜ฎ˜น˜ถ ˜ฒ˜นั ˜ฐ˜ฎั ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ฏ˜ผั€˜ธัƒ ˜ถ˜ต 5 ˜นัƒั‡ัˆ˜ถั… ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ผ˜ฐ, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€ั‹˜ณ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ผ˜ท˜ฒัƒั‚ ˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎั‡˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ปั‹˜บ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั˜บ, ˜ถ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฒ˜ผ˜น˜ด˜ฎัั‰˜ถ˜บ.

1. ะš˜ผ˜บัƒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ผ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚: ั ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั Elementary ˜ถ ˜ฐั‹ัˆ˜ณ.
<a href=https://bls.gl>blacksprut</a>

Newsinlevels.comะ“˜น˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผ˜ณ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ถ˜บัƒั‰˜ณัั‚˜ฐ˜ผ ัั‚˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ฎ ˜ฐ ั‚˜ผ˜บ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ด˜ฒ˜ฎั ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚ัŒ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒัั‚˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฐ 3 ˜ฐ˜ฎั€˜ถ˜ฎ˜ปั‚˜ฎั…: ˜ฒ˜นั ˜นัะŠฮ‹oน ั ˜ป˜ฎั‡˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ปั‹˜บ, ัั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ถ˜บ ˜ถ ˜ฐั‹ั˜ผ˜ธ˜ถ˜บ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั˜บ˜ถ ˜ต˜ป˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ท.

ะš˜ฎ˜ด˜ฒั‹˜ท ˜บ˜ฎั‚˜ณั€˜ถ˜ฎ˜น ˜ฐ˜ธ˜นัั‡˜ฎ˜ณั‚ ˜ฐ ั˜ณ˜ฏั ั‚ั€˜ถ ˜ฐ˜ฎั€˜ถ˜ฎ˜ปั‚˜ฎ ั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚˜ฎ (ั˜ผ˜ฑ˜น˜ฎั˜ป˜ผ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั˜บ ั˜น˜ผ˜ด˜ป˜ผัั‚˜ถ). ะš ั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚˜ฎ˜บ ˜ป˜ถ˜ต˜ธ˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ˜ถ ัั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั ั˜น˜ผ˜ด˜ป˜ผัั‚˜ถ ˜ฝั€˜ถ˜น˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ฎ˜ณั‚ัั ˜ฎัƒ˜ฒ˜ถ˜ผ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ถััŒ, ˜ฎ ˜ธ ั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚ัƒ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฒ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ปัƒั‚˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั โ€” ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธ.

ะš ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ด˜ฒ˜ผ˜บัƒ ั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚ัƒ ˜ณัั‚ัŒ ั˜ฝ˜ถั˜ผ˜ธ ˜ป˜ณ˜ต˜ป˜ฎ˜ธ˜ผ˜บั‹ั… ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ ั ˜ฝ˜ผัั˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถั˜บ˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฑ˜น˜ถ˜ทั˜ธ˜ผ˜บ ั˜ตั‹˜ธ˜ณ. ะšั€˜ผ˜บ˜ณ ั‚˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ, ั˜ฝั€˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ผั‚ ัั‚˜ฎั‚ัŒ˜ถ ัั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ถ ั€˜ณ˜ธ˜น˜ฎ˜บ˜ปั‹ั… ˜ฏ˜ฎ˜ป˜ป˜ณั€˜ผ˜ฐ ˜ฐั‹ ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ถ ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฑ˜น˜ผ-ั€ัƒัั˜ธ˜ถ˜ท ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั€ัŒ ˜ถ ˜ฝั€˜ถ ˜ป˜ณ˜ผ˜ฏั…˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถ˜บ˜ผัั‚˜ถ ˜ฐ˜ผั˜ฝ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั‚ัŒัั ˜ถ˜บ.

˜Ÿ ัั‚˜ถ˜บ ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚˜ผ˜บ ˜ฐั‹ ั˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ป˜ณ ั‚˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ธ˜ผ ัƒ˜ต˜ป˜ฎั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผั˜น˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚˜ถ, ˜ป˜ผ ˜ถ ั€˜ฎััˆ˜ถั€˜ถั‚ัŒ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั€˜ปั‹˜ท ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ฎั, ˜ฎ ั‚˜ฎ˜ธ˜ด˜ณ ัƒ˜นัƒั‡ัˆ˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ป˜ถ˜บ˜ฎ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ั€˜ณั‡˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎ ั˜นัƒั…. ะŸั€˜ถ˜บ˜ณั‡˜ฎั‚˜ณ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ฐ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚ัั… ˜ฝ˜ณั€˜ถ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถั‡˜ณั˜ธ˜ถ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฐั‚˜ผั€ั˜ณั‚ัั ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ถ ั‚˜ฎ ˜ด˜ณ ˜น˜ณ˜ธั˜ถ˜ธ˜ฎ, ˜ฝ˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜บัƒ ˜ณั˜น˜ถ ˜ณ˜ด˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ณ˜ฐ˜ป˜ผ ั˜บ˜ผั‚ั€˜ณั‚ัŒ ˜ฐั˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถ˜ป ั‚ั€˜ณั…˜บ˜ถ˜ปัƒั‚˜ปั‹˜ท ั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธ, ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ป˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผัั‚˜ณ˜ฝ˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ ˜ฝั€˜ฎ˜ธั‚˜ถั‡˜ณั˜ธ˜ถ ˜ฏ˜ณ˜ต ัƒั˜ถ˜น˜ถ˜ท ั€˜ฎััˆ˜ถั€˜ถั‚ัŒ ั˜ฐ˜ผ˜ท ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎั€˜ปั‹˜ท ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ฎั.
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ะัƒ˜ฒ˜ถ˜ผ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ถั˜ถ ˜ฒ˜นั ˜ป˜ฎั‡˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั ˜ผ˜ต˜ฐัƒั‡˜ณ˜ปั‹ ˜ป˜ผั˜ถั‚˜ณ˜น˜ณ˜บ ั˜ตั‹˜ธ˜ฎ, ˜ป˜ผ ˜ฑ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผั€˜ถั‚ ˜ผ˜ป ั‡˜ณั‚˜ธ˜ผ, ˜บ˜ณ˜ฒ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ป˜ผ, ˜ฒ˜ณ˜น˜ฎ˜ณั‚ ˜ฒ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ˜นัŒ˜ป˜ผ ˜ฏ˜ผ˜นัŒัˆ˜ถ˜ณ ˜ฝ˜ฎัƒ˜ตั‹ โ€” ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธ ั€˜ฎ˜ต ั‚˜ผ, ั‡ั‚˜ผ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ฒ˜ผ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ถั‡˜ธ˜ฎ˜บ. ˜Ÿั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜ป˜ณ˜บัƒ ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปัŽ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜น˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ฎัั‚ ˜ต˜ฎ˜ฝ˜ถััŒ ˜ฐ ˜ฏ˜ผ˜น˜ณ˜ณ ˜ฏั‹ัั‚ั€˜ผ˜บ ั‚˜ณ˜บ˜ฝ˜ณ, ˜ป˜ผ ˜ผ˜ต˜ฐัƒั‡˜ณ˜ป˜ปัƒัŽ ั‡˜ณั‚˜ธ˜ผ, ั…˜ผั€˜ผัˆ˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผัั‚˜ฎ˜ฐ˜น˜ณ˜ป˜ปั‹˜บ ˜ฑ˜ผ˜น˜ผั˜ผ˜บ. ะ”˜นั ˜นัะŠฮ‹oน ั ‘ฉ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฒ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ปัƒั‚ั‹˜บ‘น ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ป˜ณ˜บ ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜น˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ฎัั‚ัั ˜ผั€˜ถ˜ฑ˜ถ˜ป˜ฎ˜นัŒ˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผ, ั‚ั€˜ฎ˜ปั˜น˜ถั€ัƒัั‰˜ถ˜ณัั ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜บ˜ณั€˜ถ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ปั˜ธ˜ถั… ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฎ˜น˜ฎั…: ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ถ˜ต˜ป˜ผััั‚ัั ˜ฏั‹ัั‚ั€˜ผ, ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ป˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผั˜นัƒัˆ˜ฎั‚ัŒ ั€˜ฎ˜ต˜ปั‹˜ณ ˜ฎ˜ธั†˜ณ˜ปั‚ั‹.

2. BBC.co.ukะš˜ผ˜บัƒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ผ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚: ัั‚ัƒ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ปั‚˜ฎ˜บ ั ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ป˜ณ˜บ Pre-Intermediate ˜ถ ˜ฐั‹ัˆ˜ณ.

ะ’ั‹˜ฏ˜ณั€˜ถั‚˜ณ ั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ถ˜ปั‚˜ณั€˜ณั˜ปัƒัŽ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ั‚˜ณ˜บัƒ ˜ถ ั˜บ˜ผั‚ั€˜ถั‚˜ณ ˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ. ะ’ ˜ป˜ฎั‡˜ฎ˜น˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ั€˜ฎัั˜ธ˜ฎ˜ดัƒั‚, ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธ˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ณ˜ต˜ป˜ฎ˜ธ˜ผ˜บั‹˜ณ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ฐัั‚ั€˜ณั‚ัั‚ัั, ˜ฝ˜ผั˜น˜ณ ั‡˜ณ˜ฑ˜ผ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ดัƒั‚ ั˜ฎ˜บ ั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธ ั ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚ัŒัŽ. ะŸ˜ผั˜น˜ณ ัั‚˜ผ˜ฑ˜ผ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ตั‹˜ฐ˜ฎัั‚ ˜ณั‰˜ณ ั€˜ฎ˜ต, ˜ป˜ผ ัƒ˜ด˜ณ ั ััƒ˜ฏั‚˜ถั‚ั€˜ฎ˜บ˜ถ, ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒั˜ฐ˜ณั‡˜ถ˜ฐ˜ฎั ˜ฝั€˜ถ ัั‚˜ผ˜บ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ, ˜ฝั€˜ณ˜ฒ˜น˜ฎ˜ฑ˜ฎ˜ณ˜บั‹˜ณ ˜ฒ˜นั ˜ถ˜ตัƒั‡˜ณ˜ป˜ถั. ะ’ ˜ธ˜ผ˜ปั†˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผ ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ ˜ณั‰˜ณ ั€˜ฎ˜ต ˜ป˜ฎ˜ต˜ผ˜ฐัƒั‚ ˜ถ˜ตัƒั‡˜ฎ˜ณ˜บั‹˜ณ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ถ ˜ฒ˜ฎ˜ฒัƒั‚ ˜ฝ˜ผัั˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถั ˜ธ ˜ป˜ถ˜บ. ˜ ˜ฎ˜ธ˜ถ˜บ ˜ผ˜ฏั€˜ฎ˜ต˜ผ˜บ, ˜ถ˜ตัƒั‡˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ท ˜น˜ณ˜ธั˜ถ˜ธ˜ถ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒ˜ณั‚ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ถัั…˜ผ˜ฒ˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฐ ˜ธ˜ผ˜ปั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚˜ณ, ˜ฐั‹ ัั€˜ฎ˜ตัƒ ˜ฏัƒ˜ฒ˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ต˜ป˜ฎั‚ัŒ, ˜ฐ ˜ธ˜ฎ˜ธ˜ถั… ั˜นัƒั‡˜ฎัั… ั˜น˜ณ˜ฒัƒ˜ณั‚ ัƒ˜ฝ˜ผั‚ั€˜ณ˜ฏ˜นัั‚ัŒ ั‚˜ผ ˜ถ˜น˜ถ ˜ถ˜ป˜ผ˜ณ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ.

ะŸ˜ผ˜ฒ ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผ ˜ฐั‹ ัƒ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ถั‚˜ณ ั‚ั€˜ฎ˜ปั˜ธั€˜ถ˜ฝั‚ (ั‚˜ณ˜ธัั‚ ˜ธ ั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธัƒ), ˜ฎ ั‚˜ฎ˜ธ˜ด˜ณ ั˜ฝ˜ถั˜ผ˜ธ ˜ถ˜ตัƒั‡˜ฎ˜ณ˜บั‹ั… ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ ั ˜ฝ˜ผัั˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถั˜บ˜ถ ˜ป˜ฎ ˜ฎ˜ป˜ฑ˜น˜ถ˜ทั˜ธ˜ผ˜บ ั˜ตั‹˜ธ˜ณ. ะ˜ถ˜ด˜ณ ˜ฐั‹ ˜ป˜ฎ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚˜ณ ัƒ˜ฝั€˜ฎ˜ด˜ป˜ณ˜ป˜ถ˜ณ, ˜ธ˜ผั‚˜ผั€˜ผ˜ณ ั˜น˜ณ˜ฒัƒ˜ณั‚ ˜ฐั‹˜ฝ˜ผ˜น˜ป˜ถั‚ัŒ ˜ฝ˜ผั˜น˜ณ ˜ฝั€˜ผั˜บ˜ผั‚ั€˜ฎ ˜ถ ˜ต˜ป˜ฎ˜ธ˜ผ˜บัั‚˜ฐ˜ฎ ั˜ผ ั˜น˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜บ˜ถ. ˜Ÿ˜ฝั€˜ฎ˜ฐ˜ฎ ˜ฒ˜ฎ˜ปั‹ ˜ผั‚˜ฐ˜ณั‚ั‹, ˜บ˜ผ˜ด˜ณั‚˜ณ ˜ฝั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ถั‚ัŒ ั˜ณ˜ฏั.

3. English-club.tv
English-club.tvะš˜ผ˜บัƒ ˜ฝ˜ผ˜ฒ˜ผ˜ท˜ฒ˜ณั‚: ˜ฝ˜ผ ัƒั‚˜ฐ˜ณั€˜ด˜ฒ˜ณ˜ป˜ถัŽ ˜ฎ˜ฐั‚˜ผั€˜ผ˜ฐ, ั˜ฎ˜ทั‚ ˜ผั€˜ถ˜ณ˜ปั‚˜ถั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ฎ˜ป ˜ป˜ฎ ัั‚ัƒ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ปั‚˜ผ˜ฐ ั ัƒั€˜ผ˜ฐ˜ปั˜บ˜ถ Elementary, Pre-Intermediate, Intermediate.

ะ˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผ˜ณ ˜ฐ˜ถ˜ฒ˜ณ˜ผ ั ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚ั˜บ˜ถ ˜ฝัƒ˜ฏ˜น˜ถ˜ธัƒ˜ณั‚ัั 2-4 ั€˜ฎ˜ต˜ฎ ˜ฐ ˜ป˜ณ˜ฒ˜ณ˜นัŽ. ะž˜ฏั‹ั‡˜ป˜ผ ั€˜ผ˜น˜ถ˜ธ ั˜ผัั‚˜ผ˜ถั‚ ˜ถ˜ต ˜ฒ˜ฐัƒั… ˜ป˜ผ˜ฐ˜ผัั‚˜ณ˜ท.
<1432602> WilburNoili ก2024”N06ŒŽ11“๚ ‰ฮ—j“๚ 07Žž48•ช09•b
African elephants use names to call each other, study suggests
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Wild African elephants may address each other using individualized calls that resemble the personal names used by humans, a new study suggests.

While dolphins are known to call one another by mimicking the signature whistle of the dolphin they want to address, and parrots have been found to address each other in a similar way, African elephants in Kenya may go a step further in identifying one another.

These elephants learn, recognize and use individualized name-like calls to address others of their kind, seemingly without using imitation, according to the study published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution.
The most common type of elephant call is a rumble, of which there are three sub-categories. So-called contact rumbles are used to call another elephant that is far away or out of sight. Greeting rumbles are used when another elephant is within touching distance. Caregiver rumbles are used by an adolescent or adult female toward a calf she is caring for, according to the study.

The researchers looked at these three types of rumbles, using a machine-learning model to analyze recordings of 469 calls made by wild groups of females and calves in Amboseli National Park and Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves between 1986 and 2022. All the elephants could be individually identified by the shape of their ears, as they had been monitored continuously for decades, according to the study.

The idea was that โ€œif the calls contained something like a name, then you should be able to figure out who the call was addressed to just from the acoustic features of the call itself,โ€ said lead study author Mickey Pardo, an animal behaviorist and postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University in New York.

The researchers found that the acoustic structure of calls varied depending on who the target of the call was.

The machine-learning model correctly identified the recipient of 27.5% of calls analyzed, โ€œwhich may not sound like that much, but it was significantly more than what the model would have been able to do if we had just fed it random data,โ€ Pardo told CNN.

โ€œSo that suggests that thereโ€™s something in the calls thatโ€™s allowing the model to identify who the intended receiver of the call was,โ€ he added.
<1432601> Robertprews ก2024”N06ŒŽ11“๚ ‰ฮ—j“๚ 07Žž48•ช04•b
The original occupant of an Egyptian sarcophagus was unknown. Then a tiny ornament revealed a very big name
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A sarcophagus discovered in 2009 in an Egyptian burial chamber came with a complicated history: Ancient writing on the stone container showed that it had been used twice, but while its second occupant, the 21st dynasty high priest Menkheperre, was known, the first owner had remained a mystery โ€” until now.

New clues have surfaced as a result of Frederic Payraudeau, an associate professor in Egyptology at Sorbonne University in Paris, reexamining a fragment of the granite sarcophagus and deciphering the hieroglyphs engraved on it. Tucked away in the cartouche, an oval-shaped ornament often found in tombs, he found a name of a very recognizable figure: Ramesses II.
Payraudeau said the inscription is evidence that the artifact was originally from the tomb of the famous pharaoh and had been reused after looting.

โ€œClearly, this was the sarcophagus of a king,โ€ Payraudeau said. โ€œThe cartouche dates back to its first usage, and contains Ramesses IIโ€™s throne name, Usermaatra. He was the only pharaoh to use this name during his time, so that cleared any doubt that it was his sarcophagus.โ€

The findings, published in the journal Revue dโ€™Egyptologie, add to the lore of Ramesses II, also known as Ozymandias and one of Egyptโ€™s most celebrated pharaohs. It also fills a gap in our understanding of how sarcophagi were used to entomb kings.
Ramesses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty, and his reign โ€” from 1279 to 1213 BC โ€” was the second longest in the history of Egypt. He was known for his victorious military campaigns and an interest in architecture, which led him to order up important monuments and statues of himself. His mummy is at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo.

Another coffin belonging to Ramesses II was discovered in 1881 near Luxor, but the sarcophagus fragment analyzed in the study was found in Abydos, a city about 40 miles (64 kilometers) to the northwest in a straight line.

โ€œThat is less bizarre than it seems,โ€ Payraudeau said, โ€œbecause we know his tomb was looted in the antiquity, maybe two centuries after his death, and heโ€™s certainly not the only king to have been looted.โ€

The granite fragment, which is a nearly complete part of the longer side of the sarcophagus, was previously believed to have belonged to a prince. โ€œBut I always found this strange, because the decoration on this carefully crafted piece was indicative of a king, and had elements traditionally reserved for kings,โ€ Payraudeau said.

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This script written by Shintaro Wakayama.